Summary recurrent bacterial meningitis is a rare phenomenon and generally poses a considerable diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Seminar acute bacterial meningitis in adults fiona mcgill, robert s heyderman, stavros panagiotou, allan r tunkel, tom solomon summary over the past several decades, the incidence of bacterial meningitis in children has decreased but there remains a signi. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, in particular the arachnoid and the pia mater, associated with the invasion of bacteria into the subarachnoid space, principles known for more than 100 years flexner, 1907. Acute bacterial meningitis neurologic disorders merck. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as the host mounts an inflammatory response. What is the pathophysiology of meningitis in meningococcemia. Ultimately, a structured approach and early diagnosis of any underlying pathology are crucial to prevent further episodes and improve the overall outcome for the affected individual. Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance provides you with a concise overview of a number health.
Pdf pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. Localized infection escalates within the lungs, with dissemination to the regional lymph nodes. Some of the most common causes of bacterial meningitis include neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus. There are several types of this disease, including bacterial, viral, and fungal. This axial nonenhanced computed tomography scan shows mild ventriculomegaly and sulcal effacement. Much of the damage from this infection is believed to result from cytokines released within the csf as. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli enter the host by droplet inhalation. Much of our understanding of the pathophysiology of meningitis has been obtained using animal models of s.
The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis involve a complex interplay between virulence factors of the pathogens and the host immune response. Epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of. Eventually, inflammatory cells enter the csf and release cytokines that play a central role in the pathophysiology of meningeal inflammation. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis ncbi. Most guidelines recommend dexamethasone plus ceftriaxone in the initial empirical treatment of community. Enteroviruses and herpes simplex virus are the leading causes of viral meningitis, while neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae are most commonly responsible for bacterial meningitis. In general, meningitis due to bacteria bacterial meningitis is more severe than meningitis caused by viruses viral meningitis. Meningitis is an inflammation of the tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord that can be caused by several different types of, as well as viruses and fungibacteria. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. This pathophysiology lecture note will serve as a theoretical guideline for undergraduate nurse and other health sciences students. Early identification and treatment of patients with acute bacterial meningitis.
Start studying unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis. Pathophysiology for nurses at a glance pdf ammedicine. Much rarer causes include fungi or malignant cancer cells. The principles of management of meningitis and septicaemia are best understood by having a basic knowledge of their pathophysiology 40. After using the information in your ebook for 3 weeks, it was down within the normal range. Urinary tract infection overview signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, causes and treatment duration. Nov 07, 2017 urinary tract infection overview signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, causes and treatment duration. Meningitis is a rare infection that affects the delicate membranes called meninges that cover the brain and spinal cord. The treatment for meningitis depends on the particular type or cause. The key to the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is the proof of bacteria in the csf by gramstaining figure 2 or a positive bacterial culture.
The inflammatory reaction involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space and the brain parenchymal vessels and contributes to neuronal injury. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis. Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges in the brain or spinal cord that is most commonly viral or bacterial in origin, although fungal, parasitic, and noninfectious causes are also possible. Increased inflammation in bacterial meningitis results a higher icp and thus a high opening pressure. The role of caspase casp1 in the pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis has been the subject of recent experiments.
Causes of meningitis meningitis is due to infection with either viruses or bacteria. Etiology of meningitis list of high impact articles ppts. Pathophysiology is the study of the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions, either caused by a disease, or resulting from a disease or abnormal. The diagnostic yield of csf microscopy can be improved by centrifugation of a. We evaluated the data on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and treatment of bacterial meningitis and considered in depth the information from animal models that may have potentially important applications in the treatment of human disease.
For acute bacterial meningitis, prompt treatment using intravenous antibiotics and cortisone medications can help ensure recovery and prevent complications like seizures and swelling of the brain. Pdf no bacterial disease has undergone a more dramatic change in epidemiology. The image below depicts acute bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis can be lifethreatening and spreads between people in close contact with each other. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards quizlet. Bamberger, md, university of missourikansas city school of medicine, kansas city, missouri a cute meningitis is a medical emer.
Assessing whether a treatable cns infection is present in those. Its typically mild and goes away without treatment. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. From the publishers of the marketleading at a glance series, and from the authors of the successful fundamentals of applied pathophysiology textbook comes the ideal revision guide for all the key diseases and conditions that nursing and healthcare students need to be aware of. The development of bacterial meningitis progresses through four interconnected phases.
Acute bacterial meningitis merck manuals professional edition. The pathogens take advantage of the specific features of the immune system in the cns, replicate and induce inflammation. Pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia. Sep 19, 2011 i couldnt get my blood sugar below 300 with medication. Pdf pathophysiology of meningococcal meningitis and. Feb 02, 2017 viruses get into the central nervous system either via hematogenous spread or via retrograde axonal transport, and cause meningitis or encephalitis. Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as possible. I couldnt get my blood sugar below 300 with medication. Meningitis, inflammation of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Neonatal meningitis leads to deafness, blindness, cerebral palsy, seizures, hydrocephalus or cognitive. Viruses get into the central nervous system either via hematogenous spread or via retrograde axonal transport, and cause meningitis or encephalitis. Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges in the brain or spinal cord that is most commonly viral or bacterial in origin. Detection rates in the csf may be as high as 90%, while about 50% positive results are observed in blood cultures. As you have previously learned, a seizure is an episode when neurons in your brain abnormally or excessively fire from a few seconds to minutes and cause clinical. Diagnosis, initial management, and prevention of meningitis david m.
In vitro infection of human nasopharyngeal cells in organ culture with meningococci or h. Meningitis knowledge for medical students and physicians. This text has been written with the intention of making the sometimes complex subject of pathophysiology understandable and stimulating. Pdf bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and immediate treatment. Neuronal loss translates into hippocampal atrophy and has been reported on mri scans in survivors of bacterial meningitis free et al. The pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis, including colonization of the nasopharynx by the. Despite the availability of bactericidal antibiotics with potent in vitro activity against the major meningeal pathogens, the morbidity and mortality from bacterial meningitis remains unacceptably high. Pathophysiology of neonatal acute bacterial meningitis. Scheme depicting the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis 1 mucosal colonization and systemic invasion most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. In persons who develop tbm, bacilli seed to the meninges or brain parenchyma, resulting in the formation of small subpial or.
Most children with viral meningitis recover completely. Casp1 plays a central role in the generation of mature il1. Etiology of meningitis list of high impact articles. Understanding the pathophysiology of meningococcal infection and the principles of management. Introduction to viral meningitis, encephalitis, and. Everything you need to know about pathophysiology at a glance. Neonatal meningitis is a severe acute infectious disease of the central nervous system and an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Meningitis, pathophysiology search for similar articles you may search for similar articles that contain these same keywords or you may modify the keyword list to augment your search. Viral meningitis is a virusborne inflammation of the meninges, which are the. Pathophysiology and treatment of bacterial meningitis. For more detailed information see references section. Fifty years after the advent of antibiotics for clinical use, bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Neisseria meningitidis is remarkable for the diversity of interactions that the bacterium has with the human host, ranging from asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonisation affecting virtually all members of the population.
Acute bacterial meningitis is rapidly progressive bacterial infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space. As such, it represents a unique human infectious disease, b. Enteroviruses and herpes simplex virus are the leading causes of viral meningitis, while neisseria meningitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae are the pathogens most commonly responsible. Acute bacterial meningitis in adults pdf free download. Unit 6 neural pathophysiology meningitis flashcards. Treatment is with antibiotics and corticosteroids given as soon as. A febrile illness with clinical signs and symptoms of meningeal irritation no associated neurologic dysfunction no evidence of bacterial pathogens in the cerebrospinal fluid in a patient who has not received prior antibiotics. Pneumococcal meningitis is a lifethreatening disease characterized by an acute purulent infection. Animal models have proven to be extremely valuable in the study of the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis, with the hopes of providing new information that may lead to an.
Findings typically include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Acute bacterial meningitis msd manual professional edition. Infection of leptomeninges arachnoid and pia maters and subarachnoid space may be bacterial purulent or viral aseptic may be due to infection somewhere else in the body that has spread into the blood and csf. Pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis sciencedirect. Jul 16, 2019 meningitis is a clinical syndrome characterized by inflammation of the meninges. Bacterial meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, including the pia, arachnoid, and subarachnoid space, that occurs in response to infection with bacteria andor bacterial products. Meningitis can be caused by various infectious agents, including viruses, fungi, and protozoans, but bacteria produce the most lifethreatening forms. Dec 07, 2017 tuberculous meningitis tbm develops in 2 steps. Most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization.
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